Clinical Outcomes of Tooth- and Implant-Supported Restorations Performed in a University-based Undergraduate Program after 13-15 Years.

AIMS: To assess the clinical concept of patient treatment with fixed tooth- and implant-supported restorations in a university-based undergraduate program after 13 - 15 years. METHODS: Thirty patients (mean age 56 years) who had received multiple tooth- and implant-supported restorations were recalled after 13-15 years. The clinical assessment comprised of biological and technical parameters as well as patient satisfaction. Data were analyzed descriptively and the 13-15-year survival rates for tooth- and implant-supported single crowns and fixed dental prostheses were calculated. RESULTS: The survival rate of tooth-supported restorations amounted to 88.3% (single crowns) and 69.6% (fixed dental prostheses); in implants it reached 100% for all types of reconstructions. Overall, 92.4% of all reconstructions were free of technical complications. The most common technical complication was chipping of the veneering ceramic (tooth-supported restorations: 5.5%; implant-supported restorations: 13-15.9%) regardless of the material used. At teeth, increased probing depth ≥5mm was the most frequent biological complication (22.8%), followed by endodontic complications of root-canal treated teeth (14%) and loss of vitality at abutment teeth (8.2%). Peri-implantitis was diagnosed in 10.2% of implants. CONCLUSION: Results of this study indicate that the clinical concept implemented in the undergraduate program and performed by undergraduate students works well. The clinical outcomes are similar to those reported in the literature. In general, the majority of biological complications occurrs in reconstructed teeth, whereas implant-supported restorations are more prone to technical complications.

Masking capacity of minimally invasive lithium disilicate restorations on discolored teeth-The impact of ceramic thickness, the material's translucency, and the cement color.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate minimally invasive restorations' capacity to mask discolored teeth and explore the impact of ceramic thickness, translucency, and cement color. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four assessment pairs of naturally colored and discolored bovine dentin samples were formed, using lithium disilicate specimens in six different thicknesses (0.3-0.8 mm), two different translucencies (high, low), and two cements (transparent, tooth-colored). Evaluators assessed the color differences in each assessment pair, and the threshold for detecting a color difference was determined using sequential testing and the Bonferroni-Holm method. RESULTS: A thickness of 0.6 mm effectively masked color differences using high translucent ceramic with transparent cement, detectable differences were still observed at 0.7/0.8 mm. A threshold thickness of 0.4 mm was seen using high translucent ceramic and tooth-colored cement, with color differences still discernible at 0.5 and 0.8 mm. A threshold thickness of 0.4 mm was detected using low translucent ceramic and transparent cement, while detectable differences persisted at 0.5, 0.7, and 0.8 mm. A 0.5 mm threshold thickness was observed when using low translucent ceramic and tooth-colored cement, and no detectable color differences were detected beyond this thickness. CONCLUSIONS: Masking can be achieved with a thickness of 0.4-0.5 mm using a low translucent material and tooth-colored cement. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding the impact of ceramic thickness, translucency, and cement color can aid clinicians in making informed decisions for achieving the best esthetic outcomes while preserving tooth structure. Effective masking can be accomplished with ceramic thicknesses starting at 0.4 mm, especially when employing a low translucent material and tooth-colored cement. However, clinicians should be aware that discolorations may still be detectable in certain scenarios when using minimally invasive lithium disilicate restorations.

Survival and complication rates of two dental implant systems supporting fixed restorations: 10-year data of a randomized controlled clinical study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare clinical, radiographic, biological and technical long-term outcomes of two types of dental implants over a period of 10 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-eight implants were placed in 64 patients, randomly allocated to one of two manufacturers (AST and STM). All implants were loaded with fixed restorations. Outcome measures were assessed at implant insertion (Ti), at baseline examination (TL), at 1, 3, 5, 8 and 10 (T10) years. Data analysis included survival, bone level changes, complications and clinical measures. RESULTS: Re-examination was performed in 43 patients (23 AST and 20 STM) at 10 years. The implant level analysis was based on 37 (AST) and 32 (STM) implants. Survival rates of 100% were obtained for both groups. The median changes of the marginal bone levels between baseline and T10 (the primary endpoint) amounted to a loss of 0.07 mm for group AST and a gain of 0.37 mm for group STM (intergroup p = 0.008). Technical complications occurred in 27.0% of the implants in group AST and in 15.6% in group STM. The prevalence of peri-implant mucositis was 29.7% (AST) and 50.1% (STM). The prevalence of peri-implantitis amounted to 0% (AST) and 6.3% (STM). CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of the implant system used, the survival rates after 10 years were high. Minimal bone level changes were observed, statistically significant but clinically negligible in favor of STM. Technical complications were more frequently encountered in group AST, while group STM had a higher prevalence of peri-implant mucositis.

Soft tissue contour changes at implant sites with or without soft tissue grafting in the esthetic zone: A retrospective case-control study with a 12-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the volumetric changes and peri-implant health at implant sites with and without previous soft tissue grafting over a 12-year observation period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients received dental implants and simultaneously guided bone regeneration in the esthetic zone (15-25) for dental rehabilitation. Three months following implant placement, 8 patients (test) received an additional subepithelial connective tissue graft, whereas 10 patients (control) did not receive any additional treatment. One week after prothesis delivery and at the 5 and 12 years follow-up examination, impressions were taken. Obtained casts were processed for profilometric and linear analyses. The mean distance (MD) in the mid-buccal area between the two surfaces was considered the primary outcome. Peri-implant health was assessed based on clinical and radiographic data. RESULTS: Nine female and 7 male patients were re-assessed after a median follow-up time of 144.5 months (Min: 114.8; Max: 213.0). The median reduction of MD amounted to -0.81 mm (Min: -1.39; Max: 0.52) in the test group and -0.56 mm (Min: -0.93; Max: 0.11) in the control group, (intergroup comparison p = .607, CI 95%: -0.760/0.530). None of the implants was diagnosed with peri-implantitis. Six tests and two control implants were diagnosed with peri-implant mucositis (p = .103). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limited number of included patients, similar results in terms of volumetric, linear changes, and peri-implant conditions could be detected at implant sites with or without soft tissue grafting over a period of 12 years.

Randomized controlled pilot study assessing efficacy, efficiency, and patient-reported outcomes measures of chairside and labside single-tooth restorations.

OBJECTIVES: To test whether or not a chairside workflow (CHAIR) is similar to a labside workflow (LAB) in terms of efficacy (primary outcome) and efficiency (secondary outcome). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighteen subjects in need of a single-tooth restoration in the posterior region of the maxilla or mandible were consecutively recruited and randomly assigned to the CHAIR or LAB workflow. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs; efficacy) were assessed using a questionnaire with visual analog scale. The white AEsthetic score (WES) was applied to evaluate the AEsthetic outcome objectively. The clinical and laboratory time (efficiency) were recorded. Nonparametric methods were applied for the group comparisons. RESULTS: The overall median AEsthetic evaluation after treatment was 10 (interquartile range = IQR: 9.5-10) in group CHAIR and 10 (IQR: 9.5-10) in-group LAB (Mann-Whitney [MW] test p = 1.000). The WES amounted to 4 (IQR: 3-5) (CHAIR) and to 8 (IQR: 7-9) (LAB) (MW test p < 0.0001). The median total working time for the clinician in-group CHAIR was 49.9 min. (IQR: 40.9-63.7) and 41.4 min. (IQR: 37.2-58.2) in-group LAB (MW test p = 0.387). CONCLUSIONS: Subjective PROMs of single-tooth supported restorations fabricated in a CHAIR or LAB workflow led to similar scores of patients' satisfaction and a moderate negative correlation for the objective evaluation of the clinician in the LAB workflow. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: PROMs can be considered a key element in the decision-making process for restoring single-tooth restorations. The patients' perception of AEsthetics was similar for the CHAIR or LAB workflows. The additional efforts undertaken with the LAB workflow did not result in a patient benefit when compared to a CHAIR workflow.

The Capacity to Change the Lightness of Discolored Tooth Substrates by Means of Minimally Invasive Restorations: Perception by Dentists, Dental Technicians, and Laypersons

PURPOSE: To evaluate the minimal ceramic thickness needed to increase the lightness by one value by means of glass-ceramic restorations perceived by dental technicians, dentists, and laypersons. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 15 assessment pairs (reference and test samples) were formed using glass-ceramic blocks in four different colors. Each assessment pair was comprised of two underground blocks differing in one value of lightness. On top of the underground blocks, glass-ceramic platelets were cemented in five different thicknesses (0.1 to 0.5 mm) and in the same color as the reference. Dental technicians, dentists, and laypersons (n = 41/group) were asked to determine the presence of a color difference between the two samples under standardized lighting conditions. The threshold ceramic thickness was defined as the thickness at which ≥ 50% of the evaluators were not able to perceive a difference within an assessment pair. The thresholds were analyzed, and groups were compared by applying chi-square test (P < .05). RESULTS: The majority of dentists and dental technicians (> 50%) detected a lightness difference between the test and reference samples up to a ceramic thickness of 0.5 mm. The majority of laypersons (≥ 50%) did not perceive a lightness difference with ceramic thickness of 0.5 mm. If separated by the different color changes, the threshold ceramic thickness started at 0.4 mm and varied within the groups of evaluators and by the lightness of the assessed color. CONCLUSION: A considerable number of evaluators perceived a lightness difference when minimally invasive ceramic restorations of 0.5-mm thickness were applied. The threshold ceramic thickness, however, was reduced when the lightness of the substrate was lower.

Randomized controlled clinical study comparing two types of two-piece dental implants supporting fixed restorations-Results at 8 years of loading.

OBJECTIVES: To assess clinical, technical, biological, and radiographic outcomes of implants supporting fixed restorations using two types of dental implants with non-matching implant-abutment junctions at 8 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-four patients were randomly assigned to receive one of two implant systems (S1 or S2) and eventually fixed restorations. Patients were examined at loading (TL ), one (T1 ), three (T3 ), five (T5 ), and eight years (T8 ). Outcome measures included implant and restoration survival, technical and biological complications, and radiographic bone levels. All data were analyzed on the implant and patient level. RESULTS: Ninety-eight implants were inserted in 64 patients and loaded with fixed restorations. At 8 years, 49 patients with 42 (S1) and 36 (S2) implants (25 in group S1 and 24 in group S2 on the patient level) were re-examined. The survival rates on the patient level were 97.6% (S1) and 97.2% (S2). The marginal bone levels (the primary endpoint) amounted to a gain of 0.21 mm (Q1: -0.11 mm; Q3: 0.5 mm) (S1) (p = .007) and to a loss of 0.24 mm (Q1: -0.79 mm; Q3: 0.05 mm) (S2) (p = .001) between baseline (TL ) and T8 (intergroup p < .001). The technical complication rates were 28% (S1) and 12.5% (S2) (intergroup p = .289). Peri-implant mucositis was observed in 24% (S1) and 50% (S2) of the implants on the patient level (intergroup p = .792). The respective figures for peri-implantitis were 0% (S1) and 12.5% (S2) (intergroup p = .11). CONCLUSIONS: Dental implants with non-matching implant-abutment junctions supporting fixed restorations resulted in high survival rates independent of the system used. Differences, mainly observed in terms of technical complications (in favor of S2), biological complications (in favor of S1), and marginal bone-level changes (in favor of group S1), appear to be clinically negligible.

Cemented versus screw-retained zirconia-based single-implant restorations: 5-year results of a randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: To compare cemented and screw-retained one-piece zirconia-based restorations in terms of clinical, radiographic, and technical outcomes 5 years after insertion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-four patients with single-tooth implants were randomly restored with either a cemented lithium disilicate crown on a one-piece customized zirconia abutment (CEM, 17 patients) or a screw-retained crown based on a directly veneered one-piece customized zirconia abutment (SCREW, 16 patients). All patients were recalled for a baseline examination (7-10 days after crown insertion) and then annually up to 5 years. The following outcomes were assessed: marginal bone level (changes), technical, and clinical (bleeding on probing, plaque control record, probing depth, and keratinized tissue) parameters. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to assess differences between the two groups. RESULTS: At 5 years, 26 patients (13 in each group) were re-examined. The survival rates on the implant and restorative levels were 100% and 82.4% (equally for both groups), respectively. At 5 years, the median marginal bone level was located at -0.15 mm (IQR: -0.89 mm; 0.27 mm) (CEM) and -0.26 mm (IQR: -0.38 mm; 0.01 mm) (SCREW) below the implant shoulder (intergroup p = .9598). The median changes between baseline and the 5-year follow-up amounted to -0.23 mm (CEM; intragroup p = .0002) and -0.15 mm (SCREW; intragroup p = .1465) (intergroup p = .1690). The overall technical complication rate at 5 years was 15.4% (CEM) and 15.4% (SCREW) (intergroup p = 1.00). Clinical parameters remained stable over time (baseline to 5 years). CONCLUSIONS: At 5 years, screw-retained and cemented restorations rendered largely the same clinical, technical, and radiographic outcomes. Technical complications were frequent in both groups.

An in vitro comparison of the marginal and internal adaptation of ultrathin occlusal veneers made of 3D-printed zirconia, milled zirconia, and heat-pressed lithium disilicate.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Whether additively produced zirconia could overcome problems with conventional computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD-CAM) such as milling inaccuracies and provide accurate occlusal veneers is unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the marginal and internal fit of 3D-printed zirconia occlusal veneers with CAD-CAM-fabricated zirconia or heat-pressed lithium disilicate ceramic (LS2) restorations on molars. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The occlusal enamel in 60 extracted human molars was removed, with the preparation extending into dentin. Occlusal veneers at a thickness of 0.5 mm were designed and manufactured according to their group allocation: 3DP, 3D-printed zirconia; CAM, milled zirconia; and HPR, heat-pressed LS2. The prepared teeth and restorations were scanned and superimposed, and the marginal and internal adaptation were measured 2- and 3-dimensionally; the production accuracy (trueness) was also measured. The comparisons of the group medians were performed with nonparametric methods and a pairwise group comparison (α=.05). RESULTS: Three-dimensionally printed zirconia revealed median outcomes of 95 µm (margin), 252 µm (cusp), 305 µm (fossa), and 184 µm (3D internal adaptation). CAM showed median values of 65 µm (margin), 128 µm (cusp), 203 µm (fossa), and 120 µm (3D internal adaptation). The respective values for the group HPR were 118 µm (margin), 251 µm (cusp), 409 µm (fossa), and 180 µm (3D internal adaptation). Significant differences (P<.001) between CAM and 3DP (cusp, fossa, 3D internal adaptation) and between CAM and HPR (all regions) were found, with the former group showing higher accuracies. The trueness showed median discrepancies of 26 µm (3DP), 13 µm (CAM), and 29 µm (HPR) with significant differences (P<.001) for the comparisons 3DP-CAM and CAM-HPR. CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensionally printed zirconia occlusal veneers produced by means of lithography-based ceramic manufacturing exhibit a marginal adaptation (95 µm) and a production accuracy (26 µm) similar to those of conventional methods.

Clinical and radiographical performance of implants placed with simultaneous guided bone regeneration using resorbable and nonresorbable membranes after 22-24 years, a prospective, controlled clinical trial.

AIM: The aim was to evaluate the performance of implants placed with simultaneous guided bone regeneration (GBR) using resorbable or nonresorbable membranes compared to implants placed in pristine bone without bone regeneration after an observation period of 22-24 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The patient cohort of this clinical trial was treated from 1994 to 1996. Dehiscence defects were treated with GBR by either using resorbable collagen membranes (BG) or nonresorbable ePTFE membranes (GT). Implants placed in pristine bone served as a control (CT). Clinical parameters, marginal bone levels, and technical outcomes were evaluated following restoration placement and at the present follow-up. A 3D radiographic analysis was conducted in order to assess buccal and oral bone dimensions. Implant survival was assessed with Kaplan-Meier analysis and a frailty model (level of significance 5%). RESULTS: Out of the originally 72 patients (mean age 75.4 ± 15.70 years) with 265 implants, 39 patients with 147 implants were included in the study after a median period of 23.5 years. Implant survival was 89.3% in group BG (n = 100), 90.2% in group GT (n = 37), and 93.8% in group CT (n = 105), without significant differences (Frailty proportional hazard model p = .79). Smoking had a negative effect on survival (p = .0122). Mean vertical marginal bone levels were -2.3 ± 1.4 mm (BG, n = 59), -3.0 ± 1.5 mm (GT, n = 21), and -2.3 ± 1.6 mm (CT, n = 52). The vertical buccal bone levels were -3.0 ± 1.9 mm (BG, n = 57), -3.5 ± 2.2 mm (GT, n = 21), and -2.6 ± 1.8 mm (CT, n = 49), without significant differences. CONCLUSION: Implant placement with GBR procedures provides treatment outcomes with favorable implant survival rates (89.3%-93.8%) after 23.5 years. Smoking, however, affected implant survival negatively.

Primary bone augmentation leads to equally stable marginal tissue conditions comparing the use of xenograft blocks infused with BMP-2 and autogenous bone blocks: A 3D analysis after 3 years.

OBJECTIVES: To test whether or not primary bone augmentation using xenograft blocks infused with BMP-2 or autogenous bone blocks lead to similar results regarding the implant survival and 3D marginal soft tissue contours. METHODS: Twenty-four patients with an insufficient ridge width for implant placement in need of primary augmentation were randomly assigned to either a block of deproteinized bovine bone mineral infused with rhBMP-2 (BMP) or an intraorally harvested block of autogenous bone (ABB). At 4 months, 1-4 dental implants were placed in the regenerated area. After crown insertion and at 3 years, peri-implant tissue parameters, two- and three-dimensional radiographic parameters, and soft tissue contour changes were evaluated. Explorative mixed model analyses were performed. The level of significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: At the 3-year follow-up, 23 patients with 40 implants were evaluated. The implant survival rate was 100% in both groups. At baseline, the marginal hard tissue levels amounted to -0.4 ± 0.8 mm (mean ± standard deviation) in the BMP group and -0.7 ± 1.0 mm in the ABB group. At 3 years, these values were -0.2 ± 0.4 mm (BMP) and -0.6 ± 1.0 mm (ABB). At baseline, the thickness of the buccal hard tissue at the level of the implant shoulder measured 1.1 ± 1.1 mm (BMP) and 1.4 ± 1.0 mm (ABB). At 3 years, it measured 0.9 ± 0.9 mm (BMP) and 0.7 ± 0.6 mm (ABB). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated excellent implant survival rates and stable marginal hard tissue levels in both augmentation groups, 3 years after crown insertion. In addition, the clinical stability of soft and hard tissues was demonstrated in both groups.

Immunization against Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Female Beef Calves to Avoid Pregnancy at Time of Slaughter.

Precocious puberty in beef heifers can result in unwanted pregnancies due to accidental breeding by farm bulls. Inbreeding, premature calving followed by dystocia and a high stillbirth rate or slaughtering of pregnant heifers are the consequences of this behaviour. The aim of the study was to postpone puberty by using Improvac®, an anti-GnRH vaccine. Therefore, n = 25 calves were twice vaccinated, once at the age of 5 and then at 6.5 months. n = 24 calves served as unvaccinated case controls. The onset of puberty was assigned if progesterone analysis in the blood exceeded 1 ng/mL. Progesterone values were excluded if the corresponding serum cortisol levels were ≥60 nmol/L. Our target was met, as in the vaccinated group none of the calves exceeded a progesterone value >1 ng/mL until the scheduled age of slaughter at 11 months and only 12.5% of the animals exceeded a progesterone value of 1 ng/mL over the whole measuring period (>400 days) compared with 56.5% of the calves in the control group. In conclusion, the favourable results from our study using the vaccine Improvac® represent an animal-friendly, non-invasive and reliable way to avoid early pregnancy in heifers as well as the slaughter of pregnant cattle.

Implants sites with concomitant bone regeneration using a resorbable or non-resorbable membrane result in stable marginal bone levels and similar profilometric outcomes over 5 years.

OBJECTIVES: To assess clinical and radiographic outcomes as well as the profilometric contour alterations of peri-implant hard and soft tissues around single implants treated with simultaneous guided bone regeneration (GBR) at 5 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven patients presenting with a single tooth gap in the esthetic zone received a two-piece implant. GBR was randomly performed using a resorbable (RES) or a non-resorbable membrane (N-RES) combined with a bone substitute material. Follow-up examinations were performed at baseline (BL = crown insertion), 1 year (FU-1), 3 years (FU-3), and at 5 years (FU-5) including clinical and radiographic parameters as well as profilometric changes. Statistics were performed by means of parametric and nonparametric tests. RESULTS: At 5 years, 20 out of 27 patients (9 RES, 11 N-RES) were re-examined. Median values for probing depth changed insignificantly between BL and FU-5 in both groups. The median marginal bone levels were located 0.23 mm (0.06; 0.46; RES) and 0.17 mm (0.13;0.28; N-RES) below the implant shoulder at FU-5 (changes over time p < .05). The calculated median profilometric change between BL and FU-5 was -0.28 mm (-0.53;-0.20; RES; p = .016) and -0.24 mm (-0.43;0.08; N-RES; p = .102; intergroup p = .380). The horizontal bone thickness decreased significantly between re-entry and FU-5 for group RES at all measured levels (p < .05) measuring 0.87 mm (0.0; 2.05) at the implant shoulder, whereas the decrease for group N-RES was insignificant (p = .031) with 0 mm (0; 0.84) at the implant shoulder at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Implants sites with concomitant GBR using a resorbable or non-resorbable membrane revealed stable marginal bone levels and clinical outcomes. Profilometric changes were clinically negligible over 5 years. The observed change in hard tissue thickness was partially compensated by an increase in soft tissue thickness.

Clinical and histological comparison of the soft tissue morphology between zirconia and titanium dental implants under healthy and experimental mucositis conditions-A randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the soft tissue morphology under healthy and experimental mucositis conditions comparing zirconia and titanium implants. METHODS: Forty-two patients with two adjacent missing teeth received one zirconia (Zr) and one titanium (Ti) implant, with the mesial and distal position randomized. At 3 months, half of the patients were instructed to continue (healthy; h) and the other half to omit (experimental mucositis; m) oral hygiene around the implants for 3 weeks. Clinical parameters were evaluated before and after the experimental phase, and a soft tissue biopsy was harvested. Mixed model analyses were performed to analyse the data. RESULTS: The plaque control record increased significantly for the two mucositis groups, reaching 68.3 ± 31.9% (mean ± SD) for Zr-m and 75.0 ± 29.4% for Ti-m (p < .0001), being also significantly lower for Zr-m than for Ti-m. Bleeding on probing remained stable in group Zr-m and amounted to 21.7 ± 23.6%, but increased significantly in group Ti-m (p = .040), measuring 32.5 ± 27.8%. The number of inflammatory cells and the length of the junctional epithelium did not significantly differ between the groups. CONCLUSION: Both implants rendered similar outcomes under healthy conditions. Lower plaque and bleeding scores were detected for zirconia implants under experimental mucositis conditions. Histologically, only minimal differences were observed.

Contour changes of peri-implant tissues are minimal and similar for a one- and a two-piece implant system over 12 years.

OBJECTIVES: To assess contour changes of peri-implant tissues comparing a one- and a two-piece dental implant system over 12 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients seeking implant therapy were enrolled and randomly allocated to receive implants (a one-piece (STM) or a two-piece (BRA) system). Impressions were taken at the time of insertion of the final reconstruction (BL), after 1 year (FU-1), 5 years (FU-5), and at 12 years (FU-12). Thirty patients were included in the analysis (STM, 16; BRA, 14). Digital scans of casts were superimposed and analyzed in an image analysis program. Measurements included changes of the crown height, contour changes on the buccal side of the implants and the contralateral teeth (control). RESULTS: Contour changes at implant sites revealed a loss of - 0.29 mm (STM) and - 0.46 mm (BRA) during an observation period of 12 years. Contour changes at the corresponding tooth sites amounted to - 0.06 mm (STM) and - 0.12 mm (BRA) during the same time period. The implant crown gained 0.25 mm (STM) and 0.08 mm (BRA) in height due to recession of the marginal mucosa. The corresponding gain in crown height at the contralateral tooth sites amounted to 0.36 mm (STM) and 0.10 mm (BRA). Interproximal marginal bone level changes measured - 0.28 mm (STM) and - 1.11 mm (BRA). The mean BOP amounted to 38.8% (STM) and 48.7% (BRA) at the 12-year follow-up (FU-12). CONCLUSION: Minimal changes of the peri-implant soft tissue contour were observed at implant sites over the period of 12 years irrespective of the use of a one- or a two-piece implant system. The differences between the implant sites and corresponding teeth were clinically negligible. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Peri-implant soft tissue stability is of high clinical relevance when monitoring dental implant sites on the long run. Clinical data on the extent of soft tissue changes around different implant systems are scarce. The present RCTs demonstrate minimal changes of the peri-implant soft tissue contour 12 years after implant insertion independent of the use of a one- or a two-piece implant system.

Perceptibility and Acceptability of Color Differences of Single-Tooth Implants at the Restoration and Mucosa Levels: An Exploratory Clinical Study.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to assess the perceptibility and acceptability threshold values for color differentiation at the restoration and mucosa levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One restored single-tooth implant and the contralateral reference tooth were spectrophotometrically assessed in 20 patients. Perceptibility and acceptability were evaluated by dentists, dental technicians, and laypeople. RESULTS: Dental technicians had the highest sensitivity in the perception of tooth color differences (ΔE = 2.7), followed by dentists (ΔE = 3.3) and laypeople (ΔE = 4.4). Acceptability threshold values were generally higher than perceptibility threshold in all groups. Dental technicians exhibited the highest sensitivity in the perception of mucosa color differences (50% perceptibility at ΔE = 2.65), followed by dentists (ΔE > 3.7) and laypeople (ΔE > 6). CONCLUSION: Color differences were tolerated with varying degrees among the three groups. Laypeople accepted higher color differences at the mucosa level.

Evaluation of an investigative model in dairy herds with high calf perinatal mortality rates in Switzerland.

The objective of this study was to evaluate an investigative model which encompassed the risk factors, incidence, timing and causes of perinatal mortality (PM) (0-48 h) on high risk dairy farms (PM of >5% in the previous year) in Switzerland. This pilot-study was carried out on 47 predominantly Holstein PM calves from 21 dairy farms, between September 2016 and January 2018. Gross pathological examinations of calves and placentae as well as histopathological examinations of internal organs and placental tissue were performed. Further investigations included microbiological examinations: broad-spectrum bacterial and fungal culture, detection of Chlamydia abortus, Coxiella burnetii, pathogenic Leptospira spp. and Neospora caninum by real-time PCR (qPCR) and of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) by Ag-ELISA. Maternal blood samples were used for serology of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), Brucella abortus, Chlamydia abortus, Coxiella burnetii and nine pathogenic leptospiral serovars and the evaluation of trace element status. A questionnaire was completed with the farmer, which included general farm characteristics and case-related data. Inbreeding coefficients (IC) were calculated for pure-bred matings. At the farm-level, the PM rate was 10.0% (5.3-28.2%) and at the cow-level, 11.5%. These values, from high-risk farms, were approximately five-times higher than the contemporary national bovine PM rate (2.3%) in Switzerland. The risk factors associated with these high PM rates were the self-selection of high risk herds, the high proportion of primiparae in these herds (45%) and the evidence of widespread pathogenic infections on these farms (exposure: 67% of herds, 53% of dams; infection: 57% of herds, 45% of calves). The majority (68.1%) of calves died intrapartum. The most commonly diagnosed initiating/ultimate cause of death (UCOD) was infection (34%) of which Coxiella burnetii was the most frequently detected pathogen, by antigen. The most frequently diagnosed proximate cause of death (PCOD) was asphyxia (44.7%), though multiple PCOD was also common (21.3%). This study was the first detailed investigation of bovine PM in Switzerland. Infectious causes were diagnosed more frequently than expected. While the findings from these high PM Swiss herds may have limited external validity, the investigative model adopted and the detailed research methodologies employed can be replicated and re-evaluated, respectively, in future studies on PM internationally.

Long-term clinical and radiographic results after treatment or no treatment of small buccal bone dehiscences at posterior dental implants: A randomized, controlled clinical trial.

AIM: To test whether or not buccal vertical bone dehiscences (≤5 mm) around posterior implants left for spontaneous healing (SH) result in the same clinical and radiologic outcome as dehiscences treated with guided bone regeneration (GBR) at 7.5 years after implant placement (IMPL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two patients receiving 28 posterior implants with a small non-contained buccal bone dehiscence (≤5 mm) were randomly assigned to the SH or the GBR group. Implants were loaded at 6 months. Clinical parameters (probing depths, sulcus bleeding index, plaque index) and approximal marginal radiographic bone levels were assessed regularly up to at least 6.8 years. The vertical extension of the dehiscences was measured clinically at IMPL and abutment connection and radiographically on cone beam computed tomographys at a mean follow-up time of 7.5 years. RESULTS: Twenty patients with a total of 26 implants were recalled at 7.5 years (9.1% dropout). The implant/crown survival rates were 100% in both groups. Stable peri-implant tissues were observed in both groups showing only minimal signs of inflammation. During the entire study period (IMPL-7.5-year follow-up), the median buccal vertical bone gain measured 1.61 mm for the GBR group and 0.62 for the SH group showing no significant difference between the groups. Also, at 7.5 years, the median approximal marginal bone levels (GBR: 0.53; SH: 0.68) were not significantly different between the two groups (p = .61) while the remaining median buccal vertical dehiscences were larger in the SH group (2.51 mm) compared to the GBR group (1.66 mm; p = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Implants with small non-contained buccal bone dehiscences exhibited high implant survival rates and healthy peri-implant tissues at 7.5 years. In the GBR group, the buccal vertical bone levels were higher compared to the SH group but remained stable over the entire study period for both treatments.

Prospective randomized controlled clinical study comparing two types of two-piece dental implants supporting fixed reconstructions-Results at 5 years of loading.

OBJECTIVES: Compare clinical outcomes of two types of dental implants with non-matching implant-abutment junctions loaded with fixed implant-borne reconstructions at 5 years of loading. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 64 patients, one of two implant systems (S1, S2) was randomly used to support fixed dental prostheses (FDP). At loading (TL ), after 1 (T1 ), 3 (T3 ) and 5 years (T5 ), the implant and reconstruction survival, biological and technical complications, radiographic marginal bone levels, clinical outcomes were recorded. The implants of the groups S1 and S2 contained of two-piece titanium implants with a non-matching implant-abutment junction. Data were analyzed on the patient level (1 implant/patient) using the non-parametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: Ninety-seven implants were placed and loaded with fixed reconstructions in 64 patients. At T5 , 29 S1 and 28 S2 implants were available for the patient-level analysis. Two implants in group S1 had to be removed in the same patient due to severe peri-implantitis, resulting in a survival rate of 96.1% on the implant level and 96.6% on the patient level. No implant in group S2 was lost. The technical complication rate on patient-level amounted of 24.2% (S1) and of 6.5% (S2) (p > .05). Biological complications on patient-level were observed in 15.2% (S1) and 16.1% (S2) (p > .05). From TL to T5, the medians of the mean marginal bone level changes wer a gain of 0.15 mm in group S1 and a loss of 0.14 mm in group S2 (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Both implant systems revealed high survival rates and minimal changes of the marginal bone levels during 5 years. Few biological complications occurred in both groups. S1 revealed a high rate of technical complications. Therefore, both implant systems can be recommended for fixed reconstructions.

Randomized clinical study using xenograft blocks loaded with bone morphogenetic protein-2 or autogenous bone blocks for ridge augmentation - A three-dimensional analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To test whether or not the use of a xenogeneic block loaded with rhBMP-2 results in superior radiological and profilometric outcomes compared to an autogenous bone block. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four patients randomly received a xenogeneic block loaded with rhBMP-2 (test) or an autogenous bone block (control) for primary augmentation. The ridge width (RW) was evaluated by means of a CBCT scan after augmentation surgery and at 4 months, prior to implant placement. Surface scans were taken prior to augmentation and at 4 months for profilometric analyses. Data were analyzed with Wilcoxon-signed rank test, Mann-Whitney test, or nonparametric ANOVA models. RESULTS: The median RW after augmentation amounted to 7.13 mm (Q1 = 6.02; Q3 = 8.47) for test and 6.86 mm (Q1 = 5.99; Q3 = 8.95) for control. During 4 months of healing, the total RW decreased statistically significantly and measured 5.35 mm (Q1 = 4.53; Q3 = 6.7) for test and 5.15 mm (Q1 = 3.57; Q3 = 7.24) for control (p = 0.0005). The differences between the groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.5899). The buccal soft tissue contour slightly increased for test (0.83 mm; Q1 = 0.62; Q3 = 1.87) and control (1.16 mm; Q1 = 0.50; Q3 = 1.44). CONCLUSIONS: Both treatment modalities successfully increased the ridge width to a similar extent. The shrinkage during healing was not greater in the test than in the control group. The impact of hard tissue augmentation on the soft tissue contour was, however, minimal.